The Effects of Air Commerce to the Aviation Industry from 1918-1930 Essay Sample free essay sample

Aeronautics was somewhat a little industry during the mid twentieth century. After the Wright siblings had found the idea of winging. numerous organizations had wandered into making a winging machine which could wing higher and travel quicker. In spite of the fact that. a significant number of these organizations had succeeded. the plan of winging had non been for business goals as to shipping individuals or merchandise. The central aim of these planes was for military undercover work and attack. During World War I. the universe had seen pretty much nothing and sensitive planes winging noticeable all around and dropping little bombs to adversary channels and batteries. Be that as it may. adversary states other than had their planes and the war advanced into a plane versus plane war. Be that as it may. after the war. there had been numerous planes that had endure and remained. The authoritiess of various states had been in profound thought of what might go of these staying planes. The Gallic and the British authoritiess had teamed up with privately owned businesses so as to arrange national air hoses that would change over soldier planes into non military personnel utilization. In any case. the United States specialists had been progressed and had felt that the come oning plane industry may be useful for moving sends. In 1917. the Congress had utilized a hundred thousand dollars to propel a trial air mail administration. Sends typically were conveyed via trains going beach to coastline however for the clench hand cut in May 14. 1919. sends had been conveyed through plane from Philadelphia to Washington. At that point. the US Post Office had extended it with new ways from Chicago and Cleveland. Be that as it may. the pilots couldn't wing at dim. However. the US Army had built spinning reference points which guided the excursion of the pilots at dull. The main signals were developed in Dayton and Columbus. Be that as it may. the expansion in spending plan had made it workable for Chicago and Cheyenne to hold other than those guides doing it feasible for a coastline to drift trip. Be that as it may. the sends were flown by various air hoses and had been introducing a standard of 14 million letters every twelvemonth. Be that as it may. the United States specialists had seen these to be truly scattered and wasteful. Along these lines. the United States specialists had simply selected three significant air hoses to move the sends. In add-on to. in 1926. the Morrow Board had been made through the endeavors of President Calvin Coolidge. The Morrow board with Charles Lindbergh’s male parent in statute as president had authorized the national air power strategy which will control the military and common air powers. At that point. in 1926. the Air Commerce Act had been instituted by the load up which would arrange the guidelines for the planning and authorizing of pilots ; for the enlistment of planes ; and will investigate plane mishaps. Be that as it may. during the 1920s. the airmail was non the only the extraordinary innovation in the airplane business. Notwithstanding. numerous individuals had seen the chance †if an airplane could move mail †of the airplane as an office of travels. This reason had been created when they individuals had seen the effective transoceanic intersection via plane of Charles Lindberg. Charles Lindbergh had crossed the Atlantic non end in the time of 30 three and a large portion of a hr departure from New York to Paris in his monoplane †the Spirit of St. Louis. Numerous individuals had seen the effectivity of air transport through planes and this had helped the business and offer of monoplanes and biplanes. Nonetheless. mass movement and business flights were non yet in build until one of the trend-setter vehicle creators had connected with himself in the transport of sends. Henry Ford and his organization had made the Tin Goose which exemplified the principal business airplane. The Tin Goose was made with a truly enduring and light weight stuff called the duraluminum. The Ford plane was twelve-seater and had air leader which could stroll on its tight path and take care of the riders. This was the principal indication that carried the going to of the masses to the chance of business air travel. Be that as it may. there were numerous conflicts that had been looked by the specialists in light of air travel. One of these was the Watres Act which constrained the United States specialists to farther better the airmail administration by naming simply scarcely any air hose organizations to deal with the mail concern. Be that as it may. these brought a cluster of conflicts. referencing ruined orders and exchanges. which brought forth the Air Mail Act of 1932. which dealt with the business to private air hose organizations. furthermore, the specialists had served simply as its controller. Notwithstanding. the business had improved so far that numerous airplane organizations had been effective in making enormous and enduring airplanes which could move riders. However one of the occasions which tested the airplane organizations was the mishap in 1931 which slaughtered six Notre Dame Football members and their supervisor. Along these lines. airplane organizations had additionally made sure about their exchanges by using developments and building like cut bringing down the heaviness of the plane and providing present day prick depression instruments. In the mean time. this other than prompted the constitution of airport regulation and enormous airdromes in numerous states. Thus. the improvement of air power during the 1930s had brought forth our cutting edge air travel. Notices Bilstein. R. E. ( 2001 ) . Trip in America. Third Edition. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Koop. M. ( 1997 ) . Carrier growing.Aviation Resource Center. Recovered. May 22. 2008 from the universe expansive web. hypertext move convention:/www. geocities. com/CapeCanaveral/4294/history/1920_1935. hypertext markup language Mc Curdy. H. E. ( 1999 ) . Space and the American inventiveness. Washington. DC: Smithsonian Institute.

Article Rebuttal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

How to Choose Essay Topics For Your WritePlacer

How to Choose Essay Topics For Your WritePlacerIf you're having trouble coming up with essay topics for your writeplacer, then there are several options to consider. Your writing teacher may be able to help you with this, or you can simply turn to the Internet to look for essay topics. There are many options out there that you can choose from, and by utilizing some of them, you'll surely find the perfect topic for your college writing assignment. The following are some tips on how to choose the right topic.The first thing that you should do when choosing essay topics for your writeplacer is to look at the experience of your classmates or teachers. Since you'll be in this together, it would be best to get a little bit of advice from them, especially if you can't come up with your own topic. This way, you'll have an idea of what sort of topics might be successful, and which topics will be uninteresting.Although writing essays and college essays are not exactly the same thing, there is one similarity that both will share in common - the use of words. So, you'll want to make sure that your essay will contain only a small amount of words. Even though you'll be required to use a lot of words, you'll still need to use only a few words per sentence.When you're starting to look for essay topics for your writeplacer, try and narrow down the scope of the topics that you want to write. One idea that works quite well is to write essays about the things that you already know about. These topics will help you to become more familiar with topics that you won't be dealing with as much in college.Another great idea when it comes to essay topics for your writeplacer is to write about college essays from the perspective of another individual. Writing about a person who has been through what you're going through now will give youa fresh perspective on your own situation. In this way, you'll be able to gain a fresh perspective on your current situation, too.When you're looking for e ssay topics for your writeplacer, you'll also want to take a look at other writers who are writing about the same topics as you. Aside from the fact that you can learn a lot from other writers' experiences, this can also help you to get ideas for your own essay. By getting ideas from these writers, you'll be able to draw from their knowledge, experience, and writing style.After you've narrowed down the topics that you want to write about, you'll want to start writing your writeplacer. Use any method that works for you to ensure that you can get it written within the allotted time. Remember that you'll only have thirty minutes to write your writeplacer essay, so you'll want to make sure that you can get it done within that time frame.The best way to go about choosing essay topics for your writeplacer is to use the tips that we've discussed above. If you can get inspiration from other students' experiences, you'll be able to create a good topic for your own writeplacer. And once you'r e finished, you'll be able to have your own writeplacer essay that can stand alone as a successful essay.

Entrepreneurship By Bruce. R. Barringer - 832 Words

Entrepreneurship has become the new buzz in town. The new cool thing. But the question that has been popping up a lot these days is, ‘Can it really be taught?’ Is it a trait that one is born with or is it a trade that can be taught. Entrepreneurship is a growing field which has a constantly changing definition. It’s a wide spectrum and new improvements are made to it, every day. The word entrepreneur derives from the French words entre, meaning â€Å"between,† and prendre, meaning â€Å"to take.† The word was originally used to describe people who â€Å"take on the risk† between buyers and sellers or who â€Å"undertake† a task such as starting a new venture. â€Å"An entrepreneur assembles and then integrates all the resources needed—the money, the people, the business model, the strategy, and the risk-bearing ability—to transform the invention into a viable business† as mentioned in the book Entrepreneurship by Br uce. R. Barringer is one of the many standard definitions of entrepreneurship. While some may argue that management of all the resources mentioned above, essentially entrepreneurship is an art, for example the venture capitalist, Fred Wilson who defines it more simply, as the art of turning an idea into a business, it has been proven that studying the patterns of not only successful but also failed ventures helps get an understanding of how to become a successful entrepreneur. By carefully scrutinising intricate details of various examples, one can set down certain guidelines orShow MoreRelatedCase Study 5.1 Panera Bread1633 Words   |  7 Pagesthe industry structure. It captures the key elements of industry competition which are rivalry among existing firms, threat of substitutes, threat of new entrants, bargaining power of suppliers and bargaining power of buyers. (IRELAND, Bruce R. Barringer amp; R. Duane) Rivalry among the existing firms The restaurant industry is a very competitive industry. Panera Bread competes itself with a lot of competitors that can bring negative impact on the company’s revenue and market share. In orderRead MoreEntrepreneure5288 Words   |  22 Pagesopportunity because an idea is a thought, an impression or a notion and may or may not meet the criteria of an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2010: 67). The end-result was two-failed entrepreneurial efforts prior to ImageCafe but the effect characterized his ability to persevere through setbacks and failures, giving him a vital learning experience for the third (Barringer Ireland, 2010: 36). Product versus Service-Oriented Focus By going to a product-oriented service, he understood theRead MoreSavvy Entrepreneurial Firm991 Words   |  4 PagesHoutz, Jim H. (2003) Seize the American Dream: ten entrepreneurial success strategies. Scottsdale, AZ. JaGrand Ventures. Freiberg, Kevin (1958) BOOM 7 Choices Blowing the Door of Business AS-Usual. Nashville, TN. Thomas Nelson Barringer, Bruce R. (2010) Entrepreneurship: successfully launching new ventures 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall Read MoreEntrepreneure5298 Words   |  22 Pagesopportunity because an idea is a thought, an impression or a notion and may or may not meet the criteria of an opportunity (Barringer Ireland, 2010: 67). The end-result was two-failed entrepreneurial efforts prior to ImageCafe but the effect characterized his ability to persevere through setbacks and failures, giving him a vital learning experience for the third (Barringer Ireland, 2010: 36). Product versus Service-Oriented Focus By going to a product-oriented service, he understood the twoRead MoreYou Are an Entrepreneur1818 Words   |  8 Pagesreincorporating their activities or transferring their activities outside of the United States. Reference: Hisrich, Robert Peters, Michael, Shepherd Dean. (2012). Entrepreneurship. Barringer, Bruce R, Ireland, R, Duane. (2012). Entrepreneurship: Successfully Launching New Ventures, (Fourth Edition). Grenne, Cynthia L. (2012). Entrepreneurship: Ideas in Action, (5th Edition). Kieso Weygandt Kimmel(2012). Financial Accounting , (8th Edition).Read MoreBecoming an Entrepreneur5446 Words   |  22 PagesBecoming an Entrepreneur Reel Classics Vintage Movies Memorabilia Coordinator: Prof. Anca Mà ¢ndruleanu Student: Chioibasu Cristina Series A, Group 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I. Theoretical Support What is entrepreneurship? .................................................................... p. 2 Reasons for becoming an entrepreneur .................................................. p.2 Entrepreneurship’s importance .......................................................Read MoreFeasibility Analysis Flower Shop Business Start Up2851 Words   |  12 PagesFull Feasibility Analysis From â€Å"Preparing Effective Business Plans† by Bruce R. Barringer |Note: |All fields can be expanded to provide additional space to respond to the questions. A copy of this template, along | | |with each of the assessment tools, is also available in PDF format at the authors’ Web site at | | |www.prenhall.com/entrepreneurship. | IntroductionRead MoreEbooks Solution Manuals and Test Banks for Text Books19223 Words   |  77 PagesAdvanced Accounting by Jeter, Chaney 4 Test Bank Advanced Accounting by Paul M. Fischer, Taylor, Cheng 11 Solution Manual Advanced Accounting by Paul M. Fischer, Taylor, Cheng 11 Test Bank Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Dennis G. Zill and Michael R. 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Graduation Speech My Dad Is A Mechanical Engineer...

I want to get a degree in civil engineering because I feel that it is important to pursue a career that I can be passionate about. My dad is a mechanical engineer project manager and sparked my interest in engineering at a young age. I have always enjoyed learning about the different projects that he has worked on and the constant problem-solving aspect of his job. I became interested in civil engineering, particularly coastal and structural engineering. Our society’s demands are always changing and civil engineers constantly work to evolve and improve the environment around us. The need for building, repairing, rebuilding, and expanding will ensure vast possibilities for a civil engineer and a promising and exciting career. Being in the UNCW Engineering transfer program with NCSU has given me an incredible amount of drive to focus on where I want to be in five years and what I need to do to get there. I can benefit from the diverse perspectives and experiences of the NC Stat e community by having the opportunity to communicate and work with people from various backgrounds. Talking to people who have lived through different experiences, learned things in a way unlike my own, or grown up with different beliefs or cultures can allow me to become more open-minded about the world and the community. It is more beneficial to know two different points of view if you hope to gain a greater understanding of something. 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The Naturalist Movement The Monster, and The Red Badge of...

â€Å"A man said to the universe: ‘Sir, I exist!’ ‘However’ replied the universe, ‘the fact has not created in me a sense of obligation’†~ Stephen Crane. Crane was the champion of the American naturalist movement. Following the Civil War, American authors had to adjust and react to the astounding amount of death that occurred. Authors began to write more realistic stories and started the Realism movement. The Realist authors who took the foundations a step farther created the Naturalists. Naturalists believed that humans were hopeless and that the world was against human nature. These authors could touch on more controversial problems in life, such as racism and violence because they could create a realistic environment and make a comment on†¦show more content†¦Frederick Treves. Finally, the lynching of Robert Lewis in Port Jervis, New York affected Crane (McMurray). Crane had some relation to the lynching through Judge William Crane who tried to resist the mob from lynching Robert Lewis (McMurray). Worse yet, no man was charged or investigated for the murder of the Robert as the coroner found Robert died â€Å"by being hung by the neck by a person or persons unknown to this jury.†(McMurray). The lynching showed Crane the evils of the racism that ran rampant during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. These events helped to create the basis for The Monster. The Red Badge of Courage has a much different background. Crane never actually experienced being a solider in the Civil War. In fact, he was born six years after the war was over and found other books on the Civil War uninteresting and dry. Crane set to write about the war in a more novelistic way and place the reader into the shoes of a soldier. In this way Crane created a novel about the Civil War that is unlike any other one written before. For never being a part of the war, Crane writes a truly realistic portrayal of the life of a soldier. In a broad sense the two stories have little in common. The Monster is unlike any of Crane’s other stories in the way that Crane blatantly attacks the racism of the American society of the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. That novel also tends to be more negative to the American society thanShow MoreRelated Essay on Fantasies and Realities in Red Badge Of Courage2491 Words   |  10 PagesFantasies and Realities in The Red Badge Of Courage      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      In The Red Badge of Courage by Stephen Crane the main character, Henry Fleming, thought he understood the war between the North and the South.   However, his understanding came â€Å"from his knowledge of fairy tales and mythology†(Gibson 21).   Henry thought that he was like the heroes that he read about in these stories.   He soon learned that real war was very different from his imaginative expectations.   Crane took Henry’s fantasies and

Kinds of Definition free essay sample

Does a kind of definition merely indicate that a thing is signified by a term, without declaring the nature of that thing, or does It also declares Its nature? The answer to this question Is the basis for every Important Dillon Into nominal definition( definition nominal, meaning a definition of name) merely indicates that a thing is signified by a term without declaring the nature of the thing.Example: if you are asked,what does Mikhail mean? if you mean man, you are giving a nominal definition. By substituting a word that you questioner knows for the en that he does not know, you indicate what thing is signified by the word Mikhail. KINDS OF NOMINAL DEFINITIONS On the basis of the various in which they indicate in the thing signified by a term, nominal definition are either etymological definitions, definitions by synonyms, definitions by description or definitions by examples.Etymological Definition This kind of definition defines a word by giving the meaning of the word or words from which Is derived. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinds of Definition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, philosophy Is derived from the Greek words Philips and Sophia which mean love and wisdom, respectively. Consequently, the etymological definition of philosophy is love of wisdom Definition by synonym This kind of definition defines a word by giving words with similar meanings (either of the same language) and are better known than the word being defined.For example, anthrop means, man; to connect means to put together. Definition by Description This kind of definition defines a word by describing the thing signified by a term, not for the purpose of revealing its nature or essence, but merely to indicate what a thing is that is being spoken of Chalk, for instance, can be defined by this sort of function as the material of which Is made the little stick that a teacher uses to write on the blackboard.Kinds of Definition By languishingly declaring the nature of that thing, or does it also declares its nature? The answer to this question is the basis for every important division into NOMINAL and REAL. A nominal definition( definition minis, meaning a definition of name) merely This kind of definition defines a word by giving the meaning of the word or words from which is derived.

Beloved Essays (435 words) - Beloved, Women And Death, Sethe

Beloved The movie Beloved takes place just after the civil war, during slavery. The story takes place in a rough-hewn house outside of Cincinnati. The house belongs to an ex-slave named Sethe. She has gone from plantation life to owning this house. The house contains a lot of memories. Sethe has went through so much torment. She was raped by some men on her plantation and her husband saw. Sethe's husband paid for the freedom of her and her children. Sethe gave birth to a child and was helped by a white woman while on her way to the North. She promised to name her child after her. That is how Denver got her name. She was jailed for killing one of her children because she did not want the slave man to retrieve them. She was stopped before she could kill the rest of her children. Leading to the climax of the movie is the arrival of a breath taking apparition. A beautiful young women dressed in mourning is washed up on a river bank. This happens to be Beloved. Throughout the movie, Beloved slowly reveals her earthbound side. Before she was at the crossroads of the supernatural and the natural world. Beloved cunningly suspends Sethe between past horrors and the potential of renewing those past horrors. Oprah Winfrey, who plays Sethe, supplies a sense of the deep, stubborn essential to Sethe's survival. Sethe's friend Paul D, an ex-slave, who has wondered alone for nearly two decades wanders to Sethe's door looking for some place to alight. Sethe lets him stay because she too has been alone for some years now. She enjoys his company. He did not get off at a good hand with Denver because she was not use to sharing her mother. Denver did not have to share her mother since she can remember because her brothers had left when she was still an infant. Paul D and her teen-age daughter Denver are both devastated by this dangerous person who calls herself Beloved. Denver and Paul D had just reached a truce before Beloved had came. Things got back to being hectic. But Denver Befriends Beloved and treats her as her sister. Beloved brought tension to the house. She wanted to be spoiled by sethe. Denver started to feel rejected. Paul D is so uncomfortable with Beloved's presence that he stops sleeping in the bed and starts sleeping in on a chair. Beloved has this force that she uses. Anything that she wants she will do something in order to get it. Beloved is the spirit of Sethe's child that she killed. Beloved did not think that was fair. Beloved has come to get revenge, and she haunts and torments Sethe until she is satisfied.

Persuasive Essay

Persuasive Essay The primary purpose of persuasive essay is to persuade or convince the reader that a certain claim or viewpoint is right. A persuasive essay can be written from either a subjective or an objective point of view simply because persuasion is found in a variety of settings: from informal communities to large formal groups. What Is a Persuasive Essay A persuasive essay is one of the common types of essays. As its name suggests, the primary purpose of this essay is to persuade or convince the reader that a certain claim or viewpoint is right. A persuasive essay can be written from either a subjective or an objective point of view simply because persuasion is found in a variety of settings: from informal communities to large formal groups. Therefore an assumption can be made that persuasive essays are given to students of all educational levels to hone their persuasive and argumentation skills. Obviously, persuasive essays train written skills, allowing students to read around, search for proper arguments or think carefully what points should be brought up by in a persuasive essay. HOW TO WRITE A PERSUASIVE ESSAY The next step in persuading your audience is oral persuasion, which refers to oratory skills. The latter are harder to master but are an essential skill to acquire. Therefore, a persuasive essay can be viewed as an assignment that is given to students during their later high school or early college/university years to help them better master the art of conviction. Persuasive Essays vs. Argumentative Essays These two essay types resemble each other like two identical twins. However, there is a slight difference that allows you to tell those twins from one another. That difference stems from the purpose of each essay, so lets review them briefly. The main goal of the persuasive essay is to persuade the audience, while the primary purpose of argumentative essays is to bring up the argument, voice the pros and cons, the strengths and weaknesses and generally to describe things or events in their duality. As an illustration, compare the way a persuasive essay topic sounds to how the argumentative essay topic is put: Persuasive Essay Topic: Smoking  should be banned. Argumentative Essay Topic: Should smoking be banned? TOP 101 PERSUASIVE ESSAY TOPICS As seen from the example above, in the persuasive essay the topic is introduced in the form of a declarative sentence. It implies the reader that the statement is true and text in the body of the essay will support the topic. The argumentative essay topic is actually a question, which prompts the discussion. The question invites the author and the reader to look for all possible choices and all possible arguments. Respectively, contents of each paper will differ depending on its topic. Persuasive Essay  Outline Unless specified otherwise, persuasive essays will take the 5 paragraph format. This means that the persuasive essay will contain the following structural elements: the introduction with the topic sentence, two to three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. The introduction will present the problem to the reader and will simultaneously serve as an attention getter. Body paragraphs will elaborate in greater detail on the information presented in the introduction. The language in your persuasive essay can be either formal or informal that depends entirely on your audience. We have a great article that explains essay structure in the greater detail. The language in your persuasive essay can be either formal or informal that depends entirely on your audience. If you are trying to convince a friend or a relative, the informal language would make sense; however, if you are writing for a formal group (teacher, unknown people), then it would be best to use the formal style. Transition Words for Persuasive Essay Agreement and Comparison: also, and, likewise, in addition; Opposition and Contradiction: rather, but, and or; Cause and Purpose: in that case, as a result, under those circumstances; Effect and Outcome: accordingly, thus, consequently, then; Result: as shown above, as can be seen, in the final analysis, all things considered. If you are looking for persuasive essay examples, here is a great one below: FREE PERSUASIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE Persuasive Essays by has completed persuasive essays on various topics. The experience we have accumulated in the process allows us to work on a virtually endless number of topics within all complexity levels. If you want a top notch persuasive essay, youve come to the right place. Simply email us your requirements, place an order and we will provide you with an excellent persuasive essay written up to the standard. Our writers always stay in touch with customers to make sure their needs are fully met.

Understanding of Organizational behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Understanding of Organizational behavior - Essay Example al psychology studies behavior within the organization covered by psychology and its subfields, organizational behavior can include those that are within the areas of sociology and economics, among others. The first top issue in organizational behavior today is the manner by which woman still encounter the glass ceiling in their career path. This is true in the case of Wal-mart employees. When women are prevented to advance on account of their gender and that it is a conventional practice of an organization, it is a discriminatory behavior. It can be addressed using frameworks available that have been developed as a result of extensive studies done on similar organizational behavior theme in the past. The fact that it still persists speaks volumes about the attitude and policies of organizations and policymakers in business today. Secondly, there is the case of equitability of wages. Executive officers tend to get higher percentage of pay raises in comparison with the rank and file employees. This is what is happening at Hostess, for example. The dynamics by which organizations dispensed with this policy deserves attention especially that many believe it as valid, cost-effective and e fficient. An in-depth analysis of this issue in the context of organizational behavior could lead to viable models that would achieve organizational efficiency and profitability while implementing income equitability. Finally, I would like to cite the case of the corporate greed. Decision makers are hard-pressed to deliver the maximum profit to its shareholders. Hence, all other considerations such as social responsibility and ethics are never prioritized, if at all. The dynamics of the interaction between profit and policies, shareholders and managers, and, organization and society are covered by organizational behavior and could similarly be addressed within its framework in instances severe corporate greed. In my fathers appliance repair business one of the major roles I play is

Piracy in Somalia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Piracy in Somalia - Term Paper Example These pirates catch hold of the ships and take the travellers and crew as hostage. Subsequently they start asking for huge sums of money from the ship owners or the respective governments. Some such major incidents taking place in the recent past include; On 8th April 2009, the Maersk Alabama, a US container ship carrying food aid for Somalis, was attacked in the Indian Ocean. After some negotiations, the pirates let go the crew but held the ship's captain as hostage in one of the lifeboat on the high seas. Subsequently, the captain was rescued in a daring attack by US Navy on 12th April, killing all the hostages. This was said to be the first instance of holding a US captain as hostage (Sheikh and Guled, 2009). Some months back, Somali Pirates caught hold of 'MV Faina', on 23rd September 2008. A Ukrainian ship loaded with tanks and antiaircraft guns was held by these pirates for about five months and released it only on 6th February after receiving the ransom amount (Jones and McGreal, 2009). Since the ship was loaded with explosive material bound for Kenya, six US warships kept a continuous vigil on the warship to ensure that these arms are not siphoned off elsewhere. Somali pirates seized MV Sirius Star, a 300,000-ton, 1,000-foot-long Saudi oil tanker on 18th November 2008 and released it only after more than a month. MV Sirius Star is stated to the largest ship ever held hostage by sea-pirates. Loaded with more than two million barrels of oil worth $100m the ship was set free only after a ransom amount of $3 million was dropped on the ship through a parachute (NBC, 2009). Though we are just into the fourth month of the year 2009, but there have been more than 66 such attacks already by the Pirates (McCrummen and DeYoung, 2009). The manner in which these pirates are able to extract big money from the corporate world seems to suggest that it is one of the most thriving things ever happened to Somalia. After extracting money from the ships, these pirates go on partying and enjoying for many days, which in turn must have been helping the Somali economy. This raises the ethical question about the manner in which such practices are in a way being encouraged form within Somalia. After knowing about such acts of terror from these bandits on Somali waters, one would be tempted to think about ways and means to counter such heinous acts. No civil society would encourage such actions. But, in case of Somalia, things do not appear as straight and simple. There are people, particularly from Somalia who think that these pirates are resorting to such acts of piracy in retaliation to what they have suffered all this while at the hand of European and Western nations. This raises the ethical questions as to why these pirates are being encouraged by the civil society. To find an answer to this question we will have to take a look at the recent past. Somalia has been at war with itself, particularly during the late 1980s and 1990s. The country was ruled by Mohamed Siad Barre, with an iron hand from 1969 to 1991. As public resentment started growing against this dictator, he was thrown out of power in 1991 and thereafter the country went into lawlessness. Though UN led forces remained in Somalia for some time after that, but with the increasing incidents of a

Threat of Hezbollah to US

Threat of Hezbollah to US Red Cell Analysis: Hezbollah: a Threat to the United States and its interests. Red Cell analysis: Hezbollah In recent years, the threat alert within the United States increased drastically attributed to the increase in the number of terrorist organizations within its borders. However, most terrorist organizations not only target the United States but also co-ordinate other attacks that target other American interests in other countries. One of the biggest organizations that are a threat to the United States and its interest in other countries is the Hezbollah movement, also known as the â€Å"Party of God,† which advocates for the rights of Muslims in most parts of the world through terrorism activities. The movement comprises of Shi’a Islamists who advocate for violence as part of spreading their message of fighting â€Å"western imperialism† in Muslim controlled states around the world. According to a report released by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the Hezbollah movement plans their attacks from South America targeting Americans within the United States and other parts of the world. In 1983, the movement attacked a U.S. marine camp and killed over 250 Americans while also targeting the American embassies in the Arab region (Broxmeyer 2004). In addition, the movement also kidnaps American citizens and demands for ransom before securing their release. The movement employs surveillance methods before attacks whereby members of the movement observe the routine of different planned locations, which creates a clear picture of the most favorable location for an attack. The Hezbollah movement began in 1982 in Lebanon, attributed to the Iranian Revolution. It blamed the United States for most of the problems facing other countries around the world. It is necessary to note that since the inception of the movement, the leadership positions require religious clerics within Islam, who guide the members of the movement in terms of goals and objectives. The movement also supports the local population in the Arab region through annual donations gained through the attacks carried out around the world. Although the main cell for the movement is in Lebanon, the movement plans and executes its operations and attacks from the United States. The U.S. Department of State included this movement in the foreign terrorist organization (FTO) list in October 1997 as part of controlling their activities in the United States (Slogum 2013). The main ideology associated with this movement is enhancing Islam as a confident religion that promotes the achievement of justice an d human rights for every citizen. However, Hezbollah uses violence and terrorist activities in passing on their messages regarding their ideology, which portrays it as one of the most dangerous organizations around the world. Based on the organization’s ideology, the main objective of Hezbollah is to establish a Muslim controlled territory especially in the Arab region. According to the movement’s spokesperson, the group results in committing acts associated with terrorism due to failure in other means of communication between the countries in the Arab region and other western countries. This shows the organization’s commitment towards the terrorist activities, which include suicide bombing around the United States and other western countries. The FBI also associated Hezbollah with the 11th September 2001 attack carried out within the United States. This promoted initiatives from the U.S. government aimed at stopping terrorism in the country and in the Middle East region, which is the main hub of the terrorism cells (Broxmeyer 2004). Secondly, Hezbollah’s goals and objective within the United States is the moderation of national liberation for Muslim living within America. The group argues that the U.S. government discriminates against the Muslims in the country denying them the right to religion as stated within the constitution. This prompts the movement to advocate for liberation of the Muslim population through terrorism activities, which portray clear messages regarding Islam. One of the strengths attributed to Hezbollah is the leadership whereby the leaders of different cells around the world meet in South America for the election of their leaders. The main leader of the movement is Sheikh Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah who also acts as the spiritual father for the movement, as well as, the chief Mujtahid by ensuring a clear understanding of the Islamic law by every member of the movement. Based on the goals and objectives of Hezbollah within the Arab region, Sheikh Muhammed ensures support from other organizations and movement, which is a key strength for the movement. This leader controls the organization’s main cell in Lebanon but also helps in the co-ordination of other cells in other countries around the world especially in the United States. Sheikh Muhammed also helps in punishing offenders within the movement, which is a factor that enhances discipline among members of the movement towards the goals and objectives (Koà §ak 2012). The other main leader of the movement is Hassan Nasrallah, who is the secretary general for the movement. After the assassination of Abbas Musawi by the U.S. government, the leaders of different cells unanimously elected Hassan Nasrallah as the new secretary general. Based on the leadership structure projected, it is clear that the movement operates in secretive environment with the main decision making organ being the spiritual leader and the secretary general. In addition, it is also clear that the movement draws towards its goals and objectives attributed to the election of the spiritual father in a leadership position within the organization. When focusing on the funding of the movement, it is clear that it plays an important role in the operations, and attacks carried out by the movement. Most of the funding for the movement comes about from donations Shi’a Islamists who offer zakat after prayers. This contributes to 50% of the total funding for the movement most of which is used in securing equipment and weapons used in attacks (Koà §ak 2012). It is essential to note that this funding comes from the Arab region considering that the United States does not allow such collections towards terrorist activities. On the other hand, the mov ement also receives funding from the Islamic Republic of Iran through weapons and training sessions with the weapons transported to the United States through underground tunnels and stored in most of the control locations especially in South America. Hezbollah places significant importance on some of the major capabilities that contribute to the success of the attacks carried out by the organization. Based on the ban by the U.S. government on the movement, Hezbollah moved most of the physical bases from the western countries in the Arab region with most countries supporting the movement. However, the cells within the United States also act as support locations whereby members of the movement seek help in case of need. Hezbollah portrays an image of participating in Jihad, which is a Holy war within the Muslims, which has helped in the attraction of more people towards the movement (Goll 2011). This is clear from the number of personnel in the cell in the United States containing over 30,000 people, most of whom act as Jihadists for the Islam religion. As mentioned earlier, the main decision body the movement is the spiritual leader and the secretary general, who control the training programs for the movement. During the recruitme nt of new members of the movement, the leaders move to the physical bases where the training programs occur as a way of ensuring total commitment in the part of the recruits. According to a report released by the United Nations, Hezbollah receives donations of over $200 million annually and spends over $50 million in the acquisition of new communication technologies. However, the communication methods used during attacks depends on the priority of the attacks with the movement using complex communication methods in some of the high priority attack such as the 11th September 2001 attack against the United States. The complexities of the communication methods create a significant disadvantage for the U.S. government in terms of preventing the planned attacks. It is important to point out that most of the attacks carried out by the group target highly populated areas and military bases, which creates tension among people living within the United States (Goll 2011). Based on the training carried out in the physical bases, the U.S. Department of State argues that the movement uses suicide bombing in carrying out terrorist activities in the countries, which mak es it hard for the prevention. Hezbollah also employs the use of gun attacks whereby members of the movement, attack different planned venues and shoot innocent victims, as part of the mission towards passing on the message of liberation. Terror groups operations are mainly dependent on minimizing risks with the aim of achieving the greatest success. Terrorists evade a challenger’s strong point and focus on their weaknesses and their stress on exploiting security measure. This generally means the involvement of the smallest possible number of attackers to complete the operation with the most effective weapons at their disposal. The Hezbollah movement practices a detailed scheduling which can be adjusted depending on the operations requirements. For instance, the determination of the potential targets can continue for years before the operation is carried out. Some targets may be vulnerable enough to warrant shorter periods of observation. However, the information and data collection must be strong. Similarly, depending on the nature of the operation, operations in progress may be improved, deferred or annulled so that the operation does not fail. Under the Hezbollah movement’s planning and data collectio n strategies, tactical missions interlink so that operational objectives and strategic goals are realized. A detailed understanding of the target population is studied through psychological measures where informants are sent to the target site with the aim of getting the experiences of the populace. In case the targeted location involves experts, field agents are recruited and trained to work with companies and organizations operating from that target site. This helps the terrorist agents to be acquainted with the environment and identify the weak points, spare times and surveillance of security measures employed by the firms in the target area. In this light, the most practiced data collection programs include; physical surveillance, involvement of professionals working in the target areas, hacking into data storages of the government through agents in such agencies, practice/ routines/ procedures, not to mention transportation and route travel study. For a mission to be successfully completed and executed by the Hezbollah movement, collected data must be evaluated and studied by a group of strategists in the movement. This group includes professionals in various fields such as security, programming, finance and accounting management, logistics experts, and analysts. The process of data collection is entirely left to the low ranking recruits who, however, must be supervised by a senior ranking member. In most cases, the supervisor is only known by a few recruits for security reasons. The Hezbollah movement has recruited all over and in all fields. The movements target young workers in organizations and government agencies. The main reason for this choice is that such workers are desperate to earn extra money for their leisure activities, and the fact that they are easy to manipulate and blackmail. Given the fact that data collection does not require much experience or expertise, low ranking and new recruits are the most suitable c andidates to collect data and information regarding the operation. In most cases, the recruits are not aware of the real deal of the operation, they will innocently collect and deliver the information. In addition, where surveillance can be done through observation, for instance information regarding logistics and transportation routes and schedules, the organization may use more experienced informants since they are able to survey without leaving a trail or being noticed. Lastly, the pre-attack surveillance and data gathering should be collected by highly trained intelligence and surveillance personnel or members supportive of the terrorist cell. The pre-attack phase involves gathering information relating to the target’s current patterns whereby the attacking team approves information gathered from previous surveillance activities. This is very important as it helps in the identification of presumed and probable vulnerabilities. The Hezbollah movement practices a hierarchic al decision making structure with the leader being the highest. Presently, the leader of the movement is Sheikh Muhammed Hussein Fadlallah, who is not only a leader, but also the spiritual father of the movement. Under this structure, major decisions are made from one end while the day to day running of operations is carried from the other end. At one end of this internal scale of accountabilities, execution of operational tasks is clearly the role assigned to terror cells and operation groups. The other extreme consists of the executive group that has the primary responsibility for the development of the movement’s strategies and direction proclamations that map the overall direction of the movement. The executive group plays an essential part of the process of developing and appraising the movement’s policies and strategies in the continuing provision of updated knowledge and forecasting of future operation. The strategic intelligence applied by the Hezbollah movement is a very specific application of principles, and its main role is to assist the movement with operational decision making as well as strategizing on operations requirements. The main role of strategic intelligence in the Hezbollah movement is the need for support to understand and be able to counter the challenges and barriers enacted by various government agencies. Other strategies are; helping in the realization and development of successful operations, development of goals, objectives and operation matrices, the provision of open-sources as well as intelligence collection support and analysis. The movement has a wide network of intelligence analyst fetched from all probable professions. This makes the organization very effective when analyzing any operation not only for security but also for finance, logistics, and human power management. The team of experts also helps in the planning of emergency and fallback plans in case the operation fails when being executed. In conclusion, the collection of data and information by the Hezbollah movement is a very organized operation that is very secretive and well organized. This task is mainly conducted by low ranking personnel, but under the watch of experienced and trained experts. Once the primary data is collected a group of experts organizes it with the aim of identifying the strengths and weaknesses of their target. Once this is done, the movement rehearses the operation and at times this may be done on similar locations and target sites with the objective of further identifying any enforceable weak points in the operation. Prior to the operation, strategic intelligence surveillance is also practiced where a team of experts evaluates the plan in relation to the available information. This may lead to approval, delay or termination of the operation depending on the existing facts about the intelligence gathered about the operation. Lastly, the group practices the hierarchical management structure, where information is handled through the top-bottom flow. This structure plays a very significant role in enhancing security and protection of sensitive information. The recommendation for a policy maker is for the United States’ ideal objective in Lebanon should be to help them enhance and set up a free media that is reluctant to work with terrorists, facilities able to provide the primary needs for its people, and an audio financial system separate from Hezbollah’s â€Å"fraudulent taxation†. Secondly, they should determine a plan to help Lebanon develop a powerful financial system and discuss with Israel to reduce any stress. If army skirmishes do no quit, the risk of terrorism and financial growth will be unproductive to a flourishing Lebanese upcoming. Lastly, it is sensible to know that Hezbollah has started growing in the Southern United States and is economically cheering itself nearer to United States boundaries. Our plan creators need to be eager to the fact that Hezbollah is growing and getting its feet nearer to the United States’ boundary. Improving boundary protection is going to be a necessary countermeasure that stops enemy from falling though known factors of entries. The U.S. needs to be cautious to not to straight take part in an issue with Hezbollah. The last factor the U. S. Declares should do is worsening Hezbollah into a retaliatory condition. Instead the U.S. should ultimately use Southern United States and Center Southern nations to battle them for us. Additionally, for military performance enhancement and improvement, Hezbollah handled their community assistance and authenticity through the use of non-military indicates, with the supply of social services and governmental contribution probably playing an important role Hezbollah’s huge strategy. Most significantly for Hezbollah, the new approach led the Party of God out of their difficult ideal position in the late 1980s. The result of these connections between enhanced army and non-military indicates was an ideal success for Hezbollah. Israeli community assistance for the war decreased, eventually resulting in the Israeli drawback from Southeast Lebanon. Bibliography Broxmeyer, Eric. â€Å"The Problems of Security and Freedom: Procedural Due Process and the Designation of Foreign Terrorist Organizations Under the Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act.† Berkeley Journal of International Law 22, no. 3 (2004): 439-488. Dr. Habash, George . Terrorist Planning Cycle. A Military Guide to Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century. August 15, 2007. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/army/guidterr/app_a.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014). Goll, Irene. â€Å"Environmental Jolts, Clocks, and Strategic Change in the U.S. Airline Industry: The Effects of Deregulation and the 9/11/2001 Terrorist Attacks.† Business Politics 13, no. 4 (2011): 1-37. Kang, Youn-ah , and John Stasko . Characterizing the Intelligence Analysis Process: Informing Visual Analytics Design through a Longitudinal Field Study . IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology. October 28, 2011. http://users.soe.ucsc.edu/~pang/visweek/2011/vast/papers/kang.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014). Koà §ak, Murat. â€Å"Threat assessment of terrorist organizations: the application of Q methodology.† Journal of Risk Research 15, no. 1 (2012): 85-105. Slogum, Louisa. â€Å"OFAC, the Department Of State, and the Terrorist Designation Process: A Comparative Analysis of Agency Discretion.† Administrative Law Review 65, no. 2 (2013): 387-425. Sheehan, Ivan Sascha. Assessing and Comparing Data Sources for Terrorism Research. Springer Series on Evidence-Based Crime Policy 3, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-0953-3_2, 2012: 13-35. Straus , Susan G., Andrew M. Parker, James B. Bruce , And Jacob W. Dembosky. The Group Matters: A Review of the Effects of Group Interaction on Processes and Outcomes in Analytic Teams. National Security Research Division. April 2009. http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/working_papers/2009/RAND_WR580.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014).

Van Goghh - There Are Several Van Goghs :: essays research papers

Art historian Griselda Pollock, in her documentary entitled The Legend of van Gogh, stated that ‘there are several van Goghs.’ To agree or disagree with this statement, one must firstly understand the point Pollock is attempting to get across. One could interpret this opinion as meaning that there are various artistic styles and several facets of van Gogh’s life that can be critically analysed; having this understanding of Pollock’s attitude toward van Gogh, it would be difficult not to agree with her. Using phraseology similar to that of Pollock, one could say that there are four van Goghs: the failing peasant, the successful sophisticate, the eccentric meaningful lover, and the van Gogh of the present day. All who have knowledge of the artist would know how complex his life was, and so it is not incredible to believe that he was all these things during his relatively short life. (Born in 1853, he died at the age of only 37, in 1890.) An alternate definition of Pollock’s statement is the following: He was prolific and protean: He was a scholar and a sufferer, an art-world pro and a destitute outsider, an evangelical bohemian, both sordid and sublime. There are as many ways to see his pictures as there are ways to read his life. Some are stolid brown and gray. Others seem to detonate in a shrapnel burst of color, as if his world had begun to fly apart. Some are piercingly original. Others closely imitate other artists' art. Apparent in these paintings – from "Van Gogh's Van Goghs: Masterpieces From the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam" – are the combustible components that he mixed in his art. Firstly, van Gogh as the failing peasant. Van Gogh was not always a painter; although many claim he realised his artistic potential early in life , he did not seriously consider devoting his life to it (de Grausen , Eurie ). There is little known information about the artists first fifteen years, yet it is possible to find out the basics: after a few years of education in Holland, he left his studies at the age of 15, and never returned to them. In 1869, he joined a firm of art dealers in The Hague, called Goupil & Cie. (The van Gogh family had been involved in the art world for many years: both Vincent’s uncles, Cornelius and (Vin)Cent were art dealers, as was, of course, Vincent’s brother Theo.

Gambling on college sports Essay

I’ve been a sports fanatic since the day I was born. It didn’t matter if I was playing or watching or cheering, I just loved being around the game. I have always been very knowledgeable about it too, as I was well known and titled by extended family as â€Å"the stat man. † This of course referred to the often times erroneous and useless facts rattling around in my brain that I couldn’t help but show off. Needless to say, this topic means a lot to me, especially being a college football player myself. I couldn’t pass up this opportunity to dig deeper into a topic that has lingered in our country for years. The issues that pertain to gambling on college athletics have a vast range of opinions that stem from the questions; should gambling on college athletics be legal? What are the effects it has on the college athletes? Some argue that it will be detrimental to the game and some argue it has little to no effect, however most land somewhere in the middle. A common justification against gambling brings up the numerous scandals of players taking illegal benefits or point shaving and in extreme cases these events leading to jail or death. This side also argues that it allows players to get mixed up with the wrong crowd and put themselves in danger. Arguments for gambling site the economic reach it has in our country and the illegality will shrink the economy as well as not protect the players any more. Many people on this side think it will not be stopped so if gambling on college sports is illegalized, then every form of it will be illegal causing more trouble. My goal is to reveal those opinions and create a more complex understanding from various viewpoints, and hopefully bring a small degree of clarification to others and myself. In the article, â€Å"Even at Columbia, Gambling And College Athletics Collide† found in the New York Times, Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson enlighten the readers about the gambling infractions that occurred in a Columbia University fraternity house. The authors begin by describing the situation and basic details of the gambling process. â€Å" (They) would accept bets on sporting events from dozens of other students and then phone in the wagers — typically from $40 to $200 each — to a gambling ring based in Queens and operated by people with links to organized crime† (Curry and Gershenson). They go on to unravel the situation further by stating that there were not only college athletes betting on the games, but even current and former players living in the house that was tirelessly on the phone collecting wagers. Curry and Gershenson then discuss the further investigations done by Columbia and the NCAA and the possible disciplinary action that the offenders can face. The authors then write about the numerous amounts of sports gambling incidents in the last decade and also how students and athletes looked upon the Columbia gambling scandal with lesser importance because of the lack of athletic excellence. â€Å" The presence of a gambling operation with connections to organized crime at a school whose football team is best known for a 44-game losing streak in the 1980’s seemed incongruous† (Curry and Gershenson). An athlete was also quoted saying, â€Å"It’s not like this is Arkansas or something. This is Columbia. † Curry and Gershenson conclude their article by including a nationwide 1996 survey of college Division one athletes that reveals 25 percent gambled on other college sports and four percent admitted to gambling on games they had played in. I believe this is an article with good overall quality, even though it was written about 14 years ago in 1998. The time period constraint may lead to questions of relevance to readers in 2012. However, I think if you take all the dates and years out of the article, the purpose is still fulfilled and relays the same messages. The intent of the article was to inform about the events of the Columbia gambling ring, the reaction around campus, and the nationwide relevance. The authors Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson, are fairly unknown writers as far as I am concerned but that doesn’t take away from the quality of the article because it was included in The New York Times, which only adds credibility. For this reason, there would be a nationwide audience because of the shear number of readers. Specifically, the audience would probably be more of the businessman or woman, who are the stereotypical readers of The New York Times. The exigence of this piece was the arrest of gambling ring participants at Columbia but also the fact that these types of gambling scandals had been becoming more and more common in that time period. This was a very eye-opening article for me to read and by far the longest and most in depth. Since it was written 14 years ago, it is a story that I was previously unaware of. It made me even more aware then I already was, of how long this problem has lingered in college sports. It mentioned, more then once, that there are bookies on every campus in America. This really made me think about how unbelievable the number of illegal bets being placed by college students and athletes must be. However, even though this article is depicting the illegal gambling as a bad thing, I think it unintentionally makes arguments for both sides of the issue. If gambling on college sports were acceptable, this would have been a legal act. Hypothetically if it were legal, it would cut down on crime like this, which is usually linked to people with other criminal activity going on. Disconnecting the link to other criminal activity would make it all around safer for bookies and bet placers and athletes, because frankly, I think that people will never stop gambling on sporting events. I had always just assumed that gambling on college sports should be illegal, but this article made me reconsider whether that would really be the smartest and safest resolution. In the article â€Å"NCAA threatens to move events out of New Jersey† from SportsIllustrated. com, the unnamed author introduces the proposed plan to legalize sports gambling in New Jersey as well as reaction from sports organizations nationwide. The writer kicks off the article by stating background information about New Jersey’s push to legalize sports wagering. The article then goes on to describe the reaction from sports organizations, and goes in depth on the quotes from NCAA officials as well as their threats to move all playoff games out of New Jersey. It is also mentioned that The NCAA, NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB have â€Å"collectively sued to block New Jersey’s sports betting law from taking effect. † However, there is also information and quotes from parties that are for the sports betting law. Quotes from State senator Raymond Lesniak and Governor Chris Christie demonstrate their support for the new law. The article is concluded with talk of â€Å"several new gambling options New Jersey is seeking to offer† (â€Å"NCAA Threatens†). The author writes that these other options include in-state Internet gambling and the use of hand-held mobile gambling devices at the casinos as well as at horse tracks. I thought this article was fairly credible and factual as well. It did not have an author to add to credibility but being a Sports Illustrated article maintained its effectiveness. I believe this piece was intended to inform the audience of residents of New Jersey as well as pretty involved sports fans. People who would read Sports Illustrated would obviously just be in it for the sports because that is the only information it obtains. This also acts as a constraint. The article cannot reach as much of the population because not everyone is a sports fan. The event that triggered this response was the attempt to make sports gambling legal in the state of New Jersey. My understanding of gambling in college sports was drastically upgraded by reading this article. It was an informative piece, so there was very little, if any, bias in the writing. The inclusion of statistics and legality of the topic really helped me understand why the sports organizations are hoping that the law will not pass. The shear amounts of money changing hands can lead to a lot of trouble, however for the same reason, legalizing that money could really boost economic growth. These types of pros and cons exist on both sides, making it an even tougher issue to sort out. My next source comes from a script from the testimony of Danny Sheridan before the Senate Commerce Committee on April 26, 2001. The testimony was for a hearing for the Amateur Sports Integrity Act (S. 718), which would determine the legality of gambling on college athletics. The first part of the testimony consists of Sheridan validating why his testimony should be considered by sharing his credibility and involvement in athletics. â€Å"My name is Danny Sheridan, and I have been involved with sports and the sports? promotion business for more than 25 years. I have published college and pro football? magazines, written about sports in a variety of national publications, and have been the? host of a number of sports TV and radio shows† Sheridan proclaims. Sheridan goes on to explain how he is also a friend of many high profile athletes and he knows first hand the dangers that athletic gambling has on athletes. Sheridan also includes many statistics in his argument. â€Å"An estimated 40 million Americans currently wager $6 billion illegally every weekend during the entire 20-week college and pro football season alone† (Sheridan). The testimony is concluded by Sheridan stating that he appreciates the good intentions of trying to legalize gambling, but it would instead, result in negative effects. The rhetor, Danny Sheridan, is a very well known sports industrial component, which gives his testimony (and therefore my source) credibility. He presented this to the Senate Commerce Committee in hopes to persuade them to vote against legalization of gambling on sports. The fact that this is a testimony, instead of a highly publicized article restricts the extent his message. I found the script on his website, however it isn’t an often visited site by the common Internet user, so the audience is a big constraint for this text. I found this testimony to be a great source for this project. It was interesting to read a text that wasn’t just a traditional article. My understanding for the anti gambling side grew significantly, because it was so biased. The speaker does a great job making his argument come full circle. For that reason, I came away from reading it with a slight lean towards supporting keeping gambling on sports illegal. Another interesting aspect is that this testimony was given in 2001. My previous source, about the gambling law in New Jersey, is a current issue, and the arguments made by Sheridan could simply be restated now with the same effects. It is astounding to see how such little progress has been made through the years. In the article â€Å"Study Provides New Data on the Extent of Gambling by College Athletes†, from netfiles.edu, Welch Suggs dissects a study done to determine the facts about college athletes that gamble on sports. Suggs begins by introducing the parameters of the University of Michigan study that was released by the athletic department. â€Å"The study, based on a survey of 758 football and basketball players, found that 72 percent of college football and basketball players had bet money at least once since entering college† (Suggs). The author goes on to give further statistics that the survey revealed. Welch Suggs concludes the article with opposing viewpoint quotes from NCAA employee William Saum, and former NFL player Lynn Swann. Suggs’ last statement included next shifting attention to basketball referees to gain information about their gambling experiences. This was a questionable source to say the least. It had some solid content but the article opened as a PDF and my research failed to try and find the original homepage of the website. Likewise, the author was a mystery man as well. This text was very brief, but I believe the purpose was to inform about the findings of the survey revealed by the University of Michigan athletic department. However, the audience is hard to determine because of the unknown author and questionable website. If I were to pick an audience though, I would say it was intended for the adult college sports athlete because of the language and the inclusion of quotes from Lynn Swann. This text also has massive constraints, mainly for the same reasons as stated before. The website is random and in an odd format, therefore finding Suggs’ piece would be difficult to come across. The audience is extremely limited because of this, and the credibility suffers as well. Also, it did not include dates it the article, so the exigence of the piece suffers because the provoking event of the writing cannot be identified. The facts that are stated in this article hold strong relevance for this topic. It is more of an anti gambling article based on the information it presents, but it also gives a quote of the opposite viewpoint. Numbers don’t lie, and the numbers from the study are very eye opening and convincing. It makes me think about how much gambling affects the games we love, without us even knowing. Since all the surveys were anonymous, nothing will develop in terms of punishment or solutions to the problem. In this sense, the article does a great job persuading the reader. However, nowhere in the article did it give a date of the information or of when the article was written, so it is hard to put it in context and determine the importance. This, along with the briefness of the article, made it more difficult to shape my thinking about the topic. After analyzing the four sources included in this essay, I have yet to come to a concrete conclusion. I began researching the topic with the idea that gambling on college sports should be illegal and that all the effects of illegal gambling are bad. However, my research has muddied my view a little bit, which is actually a good thing because now I am informed more then I even have been. Being informed in such a way makes me understand how this predicament has been able to linger around in our society and in our legal system for so long. There seems to be no perfect solution and neither side of the argument wants to budge. I think both sides would agree that the illegal activity that surrounds gambling is a bad thing, but the argument remains; would legalizing sports gambling have a more positive effect on unlawful activity then keeping gambling illegal? The next step for me would simply be gaining more knowledge and weighing the pros and cons of each side and coming to decision of which side to take. Until then, ill be sitting on the fence of the topic, along with most of America. What Are the Effects of Legal vs. Illegal Gambling on College Sports? I’ve been a sports fanatic since the day I was born. It didn’t matter if I was playing or watching or cheering, I just loved being around the game. I have always been very knowledgeable about it too, as I was well known and titled by extended family as â€Å"the stat man. † This of course referred to the often times erroneous and useless facts rattling around in my brain that I couldn’t help but show off. Needless to say, this topic means a lot to me, especially being a college football player myself. I couldn’t pass up this opportunity to dig deeper into a topic that has lingered in our country for years. The issues that pertain to gambling on college athletics have a vast range of opinions that stem from the questions; should gambling on college athletics be legal? What are the effects it has on the college athletes? Some argue that it will be detrimental to the game and some argue it has little to no effect, however most land somewhere in the middle. A common justification against gambling brings up the numerous scandals of players taking illegal benefits or point shaving and in extreme cases these events leading to jail or death. This side also argues that it allows players to get mixed up with the wrong crowd and put themselves in danger. Arguments for gambling site the economic reach it has in our country and the illegality will shrink the economy as well as not protect the players any more. Many people on this side think it will not be stopped so if gambling on college sports is illegalized, then every form of it will be illegal causing more trouble. My goal is to reveal those opinions and create a more complex understanding from various viewpoints, and hopefully bring a small degree of clarification to others and myself. In the article, â€Å"Even at Columbia, Gambling And College Athletics Collide† found in the New York Times, Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson enlighten the readers about the gambling infractions that occurred in a Columbia University fraternity house. The authors begin by describing the situation and basic details of the gambling process. â€Å" (They) would accept bets on sporting events from dozens of other students and then phone in the wagers — typically from $40 to $200 each — to a gambling ring based in Queens and operated by people with links to organized crime† (Curry and Gershenson). They go on to unravel the situation further by stating that there were not only college athletes betting on the games, but even current and former players living in the house that was tirelessly on the phone collecting wagers. Curry and Gershenson then discuss the further investigations done by Columbia and the NCAA and the possible disciplinary action that the offenders can face. The authors then write about the numerous amounts of sports gambling incidents in the last decade and also how students and athletes looked upon the Columbia gambling scandal with lesser importance because of the lack of athletic excellence. â€Å" The presence of a gambling operation with connections to organized crime at a school whose football team is best known for a 44-game losing streak in the 1980’s seemed incongruous† (Curry and Gershenson). An athlete was also quoted saying, â€Å"It’s not like this is Arkansas or something. This is Columbia. † Curry and Gershenson conclude their article by including a nationwide 1996 survey of college Division one athletes that reveals 25 percent gambled on other college sports and four percent admitted to gambling on games they had played in. I believe this is an article with good overall quality, even though it was written about 14 years ago in 1998. The time period constraint may lead to questions of relevance to readers in 2012. However, I think if you take all the dates and years out of the article, the purpose is still fulfilled and relays the same messages. The intent of the article was to inform about the events of the Columbia gambling ring, the reaction around campus, and the nationwide relevance. The authors Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson, are fairly unknown writers as far as I am concerned but that doesn’t take away from the quality of the article because it was included in The New York Times, which only adds credibility. For this reason, there would be a nationwide audience because of the shear number of readers. Specifically, the audience would probably be more of the businessman or woman, who are the stereotypical readers of The New York Times. The exigence of this piece was the arrest of gambling ring participants at Columbia but also the fact that these types of gambling scandals had been becoming more and more common in that time period. This was a very eye-opening article for me to read and by far the longest and most in depth. Since it was written 14 years ago, it is a story that I was previously unaware of. It made me even more aware then I already was, of how long this problem has lingered in college sports. It mentioned, more then once, that there are bookies on every campus in America. This really made me think about how unbelievable the number of illegal bets being placed by college students and athletes must be. However, even though this article is depicting the illegal gambling as a bad thing, I think it unintentionally makes arguments for both sides of the issue. If gambling on college sports were acceptable, this would have been a legal act. Hypothetically if it were legal, it would cut down on crime like this, which is usually linked to people with other criminal activity going on. Disconnecting the link to other criminal activity would make it all around safer for bookies and bet placers and athletes, because frankly, I think that people will never stop gambling on sporting events. I had always just assumed that gambling on college sports should be illegal, but this article made me reconsider whether that would really be the smartest and safest resolution. In the article â€Å"NCAA threatens to move events out of New Jersey† from SportsIllustrated. com, the unnamed author introduces the proposed plan to legalize sports gambling in New Jersey as well as reaction from sports organizations nationwide. The writer kicks off the article by stating background information about New Jersey’s push to legalize sports wagering. The article then goes on to describe the reaction from sports organizations, and goes in depth on the quotes from NCAA officials as well as their threats to move all playoff games out of New Jersey. It is also mentioned that The NCAA, NFL, NBA, NHL, and MLB have â€Å"collectively sued to block New Jersey’s sports betting law from taking effect. † However, there is also information and quotes from parties that are for the sports betting law. Quotes from State senator Raymond Lesniak and Governor Chris Christie demonstrate their support for the new law. The article is concluded with talk of â€Å"several new gambling options New Jersey is seeking to offer† (â€Å"NCAA Threatens†). The author writes that these other options include in-state Internet gambling and the use of hand-held mobile gambling devices at the casinos as well as at horse tracks. I thought this article was fairly credible and factual as well. It did not have an author to add to credibility but being a Sports Illustrated article maintained its effectiveness. I believe this piece was intended to inform the audience of residents of New Jersey as well as pretty involved sports fans. People who would read Sports Illustrated would obviously just be in it for the sports because that is the only information it obtains. This also acts as a constraint. The article cannot reach as much of the population because not everyone is a sports fan. The event that triggered this response was the attempt to make sports gambling legal in the state of New Jersey. My understanding of gambling in college sports was drastically upgraded by reading this article. It was an informative piece, so there was very little, if any, bias in the writing. The inclusion of statistics and legality of the topic really helped me understand why the sports organizations are hoping that the law will not pass. The shear amounts of money changing hands can lead to a lot of trouble, however for the same reason, legalizing that money could really boost economic growth. These types of pros and cons exist on both sides, making it an even tougher issue to sort out. My next source comes from a script from the testimony of Danny Sheridan before the Senate Commerce Committee on April 26, 2001. The testimony was for a hearing for the Amateur Sports Integrity Act (S. 718), which would determine the legality of gambling on college athletics. The first part of the testimony consists of Sheridan validating why his testimony should be considered by sharing his credibility and involvement in athletics. â€Å"My name is Danny Sheridan, and I have been involved with sports and the sports? promotion business for more than 25 years. I have published college and pro football? magazines, written about sports in a variety of national publications, and have been the?host of a number of sports TV and radio shows† Sheridan proclaims. Sheridan goes on to explain how he is also a friend of many high profile athletes and he knows first hand the dangers that athletic gambling has on athletes. Sheridan also includes many statistics in his argument. â€Å"An estimated 40 million Americans currently wager $6 billion illegally every weekend during the entire 20-week college and pro football season alone† (Sheridan). The testimony is concluded by Sheridan stating that he appreciates the good intentions of trying to legalize gambling, but it would instead, result in negative effects. The rhetor, Danny Sheridan, is a very well known sports industrial component, which gives his testimony (and therefore my source) credibility. He presented this to the Senate Commerce Committee in hopes to persuade them to vote against legalization of gambling on sports. The fact that this is a testimony, instead of a highly publicized article restricts the extent his message. I found the script on his website, however it isn’t an often visited site by the common Internet user, so the audience is a big constraint for this text. I found this testimony to be a great source for this project. It was interesting to read a text that wasn’t just a traditional article. My understanding for the anti gambling side grew significantly, because it was so biased. The speaker does a great job making his argument come full circle. For that reason, I came away from reading it with a slight lean towards supporting keeping gambling on sports illegal. Another interesting aspect is that this testimony was given in 2001. My previous source, about the gambling law in New Jersey, is a current issue, and the arguments made by Sheridan could simply be restated now with the same effects. It is astounding to see how such little progress has been made through the years. In the article â€Å"Study Provides New Data on the Extent of Gambling by College Athletes†, from netfiles. edu, Welch Suggs dissects a study done to determine the facts about college athletes that gamble on sports. Suggs begins by introducing the parameters of the University of Michigan study that was released by the athletic department. â€Å"The study, based on a survey of 758 football and basketball players, found that 72 percent of college football and basketball players had bet money at least once since entering college† (Suggs). The author goes on to give further statistics that the survey revealed. Welch Suggs concludes the article with opposing viewpoint quotes from NCAA employee William Saum, and former NFL player Lynn Swann. Suggs’ last statement included next shifting attention to basketball referees to gain information about their gambling experiences. This was a questionable source to say the least. It had some solid content but the article opened as a PDF and my research failed to try and find the original homepage of the website. Likewise, the author was a mystery man as well. This text was very brief, but I believe the purpose was to inform about the findings of the survey revealed by the University of Michigan athletic department. However, the audience is hard to determine because of the unknown author and questionable website. If I were to pick an audience though, I would say it was intended for the adult college sports athlete because of the language and the inclusion of quotes from Lynn Swann. This text also has massive constraints, mainly for the same reasons as stated before. The website is random and in an odd format, therefore finding Suggs’ piece would be difficult to come across. The audience is extremely limited because of this, and the credibility suffers as well. Also, it did not include dates it the article, so the exigence of the piece suffers because the provoking event of the writing cannot be identified. The facts that are stated in this article hold strong relevance for this topic. It is more of an anti gambling article based on the information it presents, but it also gives a quote of the opposite viewpoint. Numbers don’t lie, and the numbers from the study are very eye opening and convincing. It makes me think about how much gambling affects the games we love, without us even knowing. Since all the surveys were anonymous, nothing will develop in terms of punishment or solutions to the problem. In this sense, the article does a great job persuading the reader. However, nowhere in the article did it give a date of the information or of when the article was written, so it is hard to put it in context and determine the importance. This, along with the briefness of the article, made it more difficult to shape my thinking about the topic. After analyzing the four sources included in this essay, I have yet to come to a concrete conclusion. I began researching the topic with the idea that gambling on college sports should be illegal and that all the effects of illegal gambling are bad. However, my research has muddied my view a little bit, which is actually a good thing because now I am informed more then I even have been. Being informed in such a way makes me understand how this predicament has been able to linger around in our society and in our legal system for so long. There seems to be no perfect solution and neither side of the argument wants to budge. I think both sides would agree that the illegal activity that surrounds gambling is a bad thing, but the argument remains; would legalizing sports gambling have a more positive effect on unlawful activity then keeping gambling illegal? The next step for me would simply be gaining more knowledge and weighing the pros and cons of each side and coming to decision of which side to take. Until then, ill be sitting on the fence of the topic, along with most of America. What Are the Effects of Legal vs. Illegal Gambling on College Sports? I’ve been a sports fanatic since the day I was born. It didn’t matter if I was playing or watching or cheering, I just loved being around the game. I have always been very knowledgeable about it too, as I was well known and titled by extended family as â€Å"the stat man. † This of course referred to the often times erroneous and useless facts rattling around in my brain that I couldn’t help but show off. Needless to say, this topic means a lot to me, especially being a college football player myself. I couldn’t pass up this opportunity to dig deeper into a topic that has lingered in our country for years. The issues that pertain to gambling on college athletics have a vast range of opinions that stem from the questions; should gambling on college athletics be legal? What are the effects it has on the college athletes? Some argue that it will be detrimental to the game and some argue it has little to no effect, however most land somewhere in the middle. A common justification against gambling brings up the numerous scandals of players taking illegal benefits or point shaving and in extreme cases these events leading to jail or death. This side also argues that it allows players to get mixed up with the wrong crowd and put themselves in danger. Arguments for gambling site the economic reach it has in our country and the illegality will shrink the economy as well as not protect the players any more. Many people on this side think it will not be stopped so if gambling on college sports is illegalized, then every form of it will be illegal causing more trouble. My goal is to reveal those opinions and create a more complex understanding from various viewpoints, and hopefully bring a small degree of clarification to others and myself. In the article, â€Å"Even at Columbia, Gambling And College Athletics Collide† found in the New York Times, Jack Curry and Adam Gershenson enlighten the readers about the gambling infractions that occurred in a Columbia University fraternity house. The authors begin by describing the situation and basic details of the gambling process. â€Å" (They) would accept bets on sporting events from dozens of other students and then phone in the wagers — typically from $40 to $200 each — to a gambling ring based in Queens and operated by people with links to organized crime† (Curry and Gershenson). They go on to unravel the situation further by stating that there were not only college athletes betting on the games, but even current and former players living in the house that was tirelessly on the phone collecting wagers. Curry and Gershenson then discuss the further investigations done by Columbia and the NCAA and the possible disciplinary action that the offenders can face. The authors then write about the numerous amounts of sports gambling incidents in the last deca.

What Constitutes a Crime

A crime occurs when someone breaks the law by an overt act, omission or neglect that can result in punishment. A person who has violated a law, or has breached a rule, is said to have committed a criminal offense. There are two main categories of crime: property crime and violent crime: Property Crimes   A property crime is committed when someone damages, destroys or steals someone elses property, such as stealing a car or vandalizing a building. Property crimes are by far the most commonly committed crime in the United States. Violent Crimes A violent crime occurs when someone harms, attempts to harm, threatens to harm or even conspires to harm someone else. Violent crimes are offenses which involve force or threat of force, such as rape, robbery or homicide. Some crimes can be both property crimes and violent at the same time, for example carjacking someones vehicle at gunpoint or robbing a convenience store with a handgun. Omission Can Be a Crime But there are also crimes that are neither violent nor involve property damage. Running a stop sign is a crime, because it puts the public in danger, even though no one is injured and no property is damaged. If the law is not obeyed, there could be injury and damage. Some crimes can involve no action at all, but rather inaction. Withholding medication or neglecting someone who needs medical care or attention can be considered a crime. If you know someone who is abusing a child and you do not report it, under some circumstances you could be charged with a crime for failing to act. Federal, State and Local Laws Society decides what is and is not a crime through its system of laws. In the United States, citizens usually subject to three separate systems of laws - federal, state and local. Federal Laws: Federal laws are passed by the U.S. Congress that apply to everyone in the United States. Sometimes federal laws may conflict with state and local laws. When there is a conflict, generally the federal law will prevail.State Laws: State laws are passed by elected legislators - also known as lawmakers - and can vary widely from state to state. Gun laws, for example, can be greatly different from one state to another. Although drunk driving is illegal in all 50 states, the penalties for driving while intoxicated can be very different between states.Local Laws: Local laws, usually known as ordinances, or passed by the local county or city governing bodies - commissions or councils. Local ordinances usually control how residents are expected to behave in the community, such as slowing down in school zones and disposing of trash properly. Ignorance of the Law Usually, someone has to have intent (meant to do it) to break the law in order to commit a crime, but that is not always the case. You can be charged with a crime even if you dont even know the law even exists. For example, you may not know that a city has passed an ordinance banning the use of cell phones while driving, but if you are caught doing it, you can be charged and punished. The phrase ignorance of the law is no exception means that you can be held liable even when you break a law that you didnt know existed. Labeling Crimes Crimes are often referred to by labels based on similar elements including the type of crime that was committed, the type of person that committed it and if it was a violent or nonviolent crime. White-Collar Crime The phrase white-collar crime was first used in 1939, by Edwin Sutherland during a speech he was giving to members of the American Sociological Society. Sutherland, who was a respected sociologist, defined it as, a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.   Generally, white-collar crime is nonviolent and committed for financial gain by business professionals, politicians, and other people in positions where they have gained the trust of those who they serve. Often white-collar crimes include fraudulent financial schemes including securities fraud such as insider trading, Ponzi schemes, insurance fraud, and mortgage fraud. Tax fraud, embezzlement, and money laundering are also generally referred to as white-collar crimes.